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Kitab al-Ayn, written by Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, was the first ever dictionary for the Arabic language.〔Introduction to ''Arabesques: Selections of Biography and Poetry from Classical Arabic Literature'', pg. 13. Ed. Ibrahim A. Mumayiz. Volume 2 of WATA-publications: World Arab Translators Association. Philadelphia: Garant Publishers, 2006. ISBN 9789044118889〕〔Bernard K. Freamon, "Definitions and Concepts of Slave Ownership in Islamic Law." Taken from ''The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary'', pg. 46. Ed. Jean Allain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780199660469〕〔A. Cilardo, "Preliminary Notes on the Meaning of the Qur'anic Term Kalala." Taken from ''Law, Christianity and Modernism in Islamic Society: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Congress of the Union Européenne Des Arabisants Et Islamisants Held at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven'', pg. 3. Peeters Publishers, 1998. ISBN 9789068319798〕〔Kees Versteegh, ''The Arabic Linguistic Tradition'', pg. 4. Part of the ''Landmarks in Linguistic Thought'' series, vol. 3. London: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 9780415157575〕 Ayn is the deepest letter in Arabic, though it also means a water source in the desert. It was titled "the source" because the goal of its author was to clarify those words which composed the original or source Arabic vocabulary. The dictionary was not arranged alphabetically per the Semitic alphabets but rather by phonetics, following the pattern of pronunciation of the Arabic alphabet from the deepest letter of the throat ﻉ (Ayin) to the last letter pronounced by the lips, that being م (Mem).〔Muhammad Hasan Bakalla, "Ancient Arab and Muslim Phoneticians: An Appraisal of Their Contrubition to Phonetics." Taken from Current Issues in the Phonetic Sciences: Proceedings of the IPS-77 Congress, Miami Beach, Florida, 17–19 December 1977, Part 1, pg. 4. Eds. Harry Francis Hollien and Patricia Hollien. Volume 9 of Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Series. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, 1979. ISBN 9789027209108〕〔Abit Yaşar Koçak, Handbook of Arabic Dictionaries, pg. 20. Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2002. ISBN 9783899300215〕 Due to ayin's position as the innermost letter to emerge from the throat, he viewed its origins deep down in the throat as a sign that it was the first sound, the essential sound, the voice and a representation of the self.〔Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych, ''The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual'', pg. 178. Cornell Studies in Political Economy. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1993. ISBN 9780801427640〕 ==Contents== In the introduction to the book, al-Farahidi briefly describes the phonetic structure of Arabic.〔Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Language, pg. 62. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001. Paperback edition. ISBN 9780748614363〕 The dictionary was divided into twenty-six books, one book for each letter except for the weak letters which were all contained in a single book; each book was then divided into chapters depending on the number of radicals in linguistic roots,〔 with those roots containing weak radicals coming toward the end. Finally in these chapters, the roots are dealt with anagrammatically with all possible anagrams based on the root radicals also being defined.〔〔John a. Haywood, ''Arabic'', pg. 38.〕 In the introduction of the first volume, he explained the rules of phonotactics for Arabic roots as well as describing each consonant based on its production and specific point of articulation, noting common distributional characteristics among the letters.〔 Al-Farahidi's goal was not to collect every word in the Arabic language, but rather every root from which further vocabulary is derived.〔Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah, vol. 2, pg. 435. Trns. Franz Rosenthal. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. ISBN 9780691017549〕〔John A. Haywood, ''Arabic'', pg. 37.〕〔Kees Versteegh, ''Arabic Linguistic Tradition'', pg. 21.〕 Al-Farahidi identified the consonants with collective terms based on the source of production:〔''Kitab al-'Ayn'', vol. 1, pg. 58. Eds. Dr. Mahdi al Makhzūmi and Dr. Ibrāhim Al Samirā'ì. Beirut: Maktabah Al Hilal, 1988.〕 * From the throat: Ayin, he, Ḫāʾ, Heth, Ghain * From the soft palate: Kaph, Qoph * From the palate: Tsade, Ḍād, Gimel * From the teeth and tip of the tongue: Shin, Sin, Zayin * From the prepalate: Teth, Taw, Dalet * From the gums: Ẓāʾ, Ṯāʾ, Ḏāl * From the apex of the tongue: Lamedh, Nun, Resh * From the lips: Fe, Be, Mem * From the palate with the emission of air: Yodh, Waw, Aleph, Hamza 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kitab al-'Ayn」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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